Title
Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates
Author(s)
Correa, Diego F.; Stevenson, Pablo R.; Umaña, Maria Natalia; Coelho, Luiz de Souza; Lima Filho, Diógenes de Andrade; Salomão, Rafael P.; Amaral, Iêda Leão do; Wittmann, Florian; Matos, Francisca Dionízia de Almeida; Castilho, Carolina V.; Phillips, Oliver L.; Guevara, Juan Ernesto; Carim, Marcelo de Jesus Veiga; Magnusson, William E.; Sabatier, Daniel; Molino, Jean-François; Irume, Mariana Victória; Martins, Maria Pires; Guimarães, José Renan da Silva; Bánki, Olaf S.; Piedade, Maria Teresa Fernandez; Pitman, Nigel C. A.; Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel; Ramos, José Ferreira; Luize, Bruno Garcia; Novo, Evlyn Márcia Moraes de Leão; Núñez Vargas, Percy; Silva, Thiago Sanna Freire; Venticinque, Eduardo Martins; Manzatto, Angelo Gilberto; Reis, Neidiane Farias Costa; Terborgh, John W.; Casula, Katia Regina; Honorio Coronado, Euridice N.; Montero, Juan Carlos; Schöngart, Jochen; Cárdenas López, Dairon; Costa, Flávia R. C.; Quaresma, Adriano Costa; Zartman, Charles Eugene; Killeen, Timothy J.; Marimon, Beatriz S.; Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur; Vasquez, Rodolfo; Mostacedo, Bonifacio; Demarchi, Layon O.; Feldpausch, Ted R.; Assis, Rafael L.; Baraloto, Christopher; Engel, Julien; Petronelli, Pascal; Castellanos, Hernán; Medeiros, Marcelo Brilhante de; Simon, Marcelo Fragomeni; Andrade, Ana; Camargo, José Luís; Laurance, Susan G. W.; Laurance, William F.; Maniguaje Rincón, Lorena; Schietti, Juliana; Sousa, Thaiane R.; Farias, Emanuelle de Sousa; Lopes, Maria Aparecida; Magalhães, José Leonardo Lima; Nascimento, Henrique Eduardo Mendonça; Queiroz, Helder Lima de; Aymard C, Gerardo A.; Brienen, Roel; Cardenas Revilla, Juan David; Vieira, Ima Célia Guimarães; Cintra, Bruno Barçante Ladvocat; Feitosa, Yuri Oliveira; Duivenvoorden, Joost F.; Mogollón, Hugo F.; Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro; Ferreira, Leandro Valle; Lozada, José Rafael; Comiskey, James A.; de Toledo, José Julio; Damasco, Gabriel; Dávila, Nállarett; García-Villacorta, Roosevelt; Lopes, Aline; Vicentini, Alberto; Draper, Freddie C.; Castaño Arboleda, Nicolás; Cornejo Valverde, Fernando; Alonso, Alfonso; Dallmeier, Francisco; Gomes, Vitor H. F.; Neill, David; de Aguiar, Daniel P. P.; Arroyo, Luzmila; Carvalho, Fernanda Antunes; de Souza, Fernanda Coelho; Amaral, Dário Dantas do; Feeley, Kenneth J.; Gribel, Rogerio; Pansonato, Marcelo Petratti; Barlow, Jos; Berenguer, Erika; Ferreira, Joice; Fine, Paul V. A.; Guedes, Marcelino Carneiro; Jimenez, Eliana M.; Licona, Juan Carlos; Peñuela Mora, Maria Cristina; Villa Zegarra, Boris Eduardo; Cerón, Carlos; Fonty, Émile; Henkel, Terry W.; Householder, John Ethan; Maas, Paul; Silveira, Marcos; Stropp, Juliana; Thomas, Raquel; Durgante, Flávia Machado; Baker, Tim R.; Daly, Doug; Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau; Milliken, William; Pennington, Toby; Ríos Paredes, Marcos; Molina, Pardo; Fuentes, Alfredo; Klitgaard, Bente; Marcelo Peña, José Luis; Peres, Carlos A.; Silman, Miles R.; Tello, J. Sebastián; Campelo, Wegliane; Chave, Jerome; Di Fiore, Anthony; Hilário, Renato Richard; Phillips, Juan Fernando; Rivas-Torres, Gonzalo; van Andel, Tinde R.; von Hildebrand, Patricio; Pereira, Luciana de Oliveira; Barbosa, Edelcilio Marques; Barbosa, Flávia Rodrigues; Bonates, Luiz Carlos de Matos; Carpanedo, Rainiellen de Sá; Dávila Doza, Hilda Paulette; Zárate Gómez, Ricardo; Gonzales, Therany; Gallardo Gonzales, George Pepe; Hoffman, Bruce; Junqueira, André Braga; Malhi, Yadvinder; Miranda, Ires Paula de Andrade; Mozombite Pinto, Linder Felipe; Prieto, Adriana; Rodrigues, Domingos de Jesus; Rudas, Agustín; Ruschel, Ademir R.; Silva, Natalino; Vela, César I. A.; Vos, Vincent Antoine; Zent, Stanford; Zent, Egleé L.; Noronha, Janaína Costa; Albuquerque, Bianca Weiss; Cano, Angela; Carrero Márquez, Yrma Andreina; Costa, Janaina Barbosa Pedrosa; Flores, Bernardo Monteiro; Galbraith, David; Holmgren, Milena; Kalamandeen, Michelle; Nascimento, Marcelo Trindade; Oliveira, Alexandre A.; Ramirez-Angulo, Hirma; Rocha, Maira; Scudeller, Veridiana Vizoni; Sierra, Rodrigo; Tirado, Milton; van der Heijden, Geertje; Vilanova Torre, Emilio; Vriesendorp, Corine; Pombo, Maihyra Marina; Ahuite Reategui, Manuel Augusto; Baider, Cláudia; Balslev, Henrik; Cárdenas, Sasha; Casas, Luisa Fernanda; Farfan-Rios, William; Ferreira, Cid; Linares-Palomino, Reynaldo; Mendoza, Casimiro; Mesones, Italo; Torres-Lezama, Armando; Urrego Giraldo, Ligia Estela; Villarroel, Daniel; Zagt, Roderick; Parada, Germaine Alexander; Alexiades, Miguel N.; de Oliveira, Edmar Almeida; Garcia-Cabrera, Karina; Hernandez, Lionel; Palacios Cuenca, Walter; Pansini, Susamar; Pauletto, Daniela; Ramirez Arevalo, Freddy; Sampaio, Adeilza Felipe; Valderrama Sandoval, Elvis H.; Valenzuela Gamarra, Luis; ter Steege, Hans
Published
2023
Publisher
Global Ecology and Biogeography
Published Version DOI
https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13596
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions:The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types.
Keywords
Amazonian rain forests; anemochory; dispersal agents; disperser-availability hypothesis; endozoochory; flooded forests; hydrochory; resource-availability hypothesis; synzoochory; terra-firme forests

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