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Title
Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar
Author(s)
Eppley, Timothy M. Hoeks, Selwyn Chapman, Colin A. Ganzhorn, Jörg U. Hall, Katie Owen, Megan A. Adams, Dara B. Allgas, Néstor Amato, Katherine R. Andriamahaihavana, McAntonin Aristizabal, John F. Baden, Andrea L. Balestri, Michela Barnett, Adrian A. Bicca-Marques, Júlio César Bowler, Mark Boyle, Sarah A. Brown, Meredith Caillaud, Damien Calegaro-Marques, Cláudia Campbell, Christina J. Campera, Marco Campos, Fernando A. Cardoso, Tatiane S. Carretero-Pinzón, Xyomara Champion, Jane Chaves, Óscar M. Chen-Kraus, Chloe Colquhoun, Ian C. Dean, Brittany Dubrueil, Colin Ellis, Kelsey M. Erhart, Elizabeth M. Evans, Kayley J. E. Fedigan, Linda M. Felton, Annika M. Ferreira, Renata G. Fichtel, Claudia Fonseca, Manuel L. Fontes, Isadora P. Fortes, Vanessa B. Fumian, Ivanyr Gibson, Dean Guzzo, Guilherme B. Hartwell, Kayla S. Heymann, Eckhard W. Hilário, Renato R. Holmes, Sheila M. Irwin, Mitchell T. Johnson, Steig E. Kappeler, Peter M. Kelley, Elizabeth A. King, Tony Knogge, Christoph Koch, Flávia Kowalewski, Martin M. Lange, Liselot R. Lauterbur, M. Elise Louis, Edward E. Lutz, Meredith C. Martínez, Jesús Melin, Amanda D. de Melo, Fabiano R. Mihaminekena, Tsimisento H. Mogilewsky, Monica S. Moreira, Leandro S. Moura, Letícia A. Muhle, Carina B. Nagy-Reis, Mariana B. Norconk, Marilyn A. Notman, Hugh O’Mara, M. Teague Ostner, Julia Patel, Erik R. Pavelka, Mary S. M. Pinacho-Guendulain, Braulio Porter, Leila M. Pozo-Montuy, Gilberto Raboy, Becky E. Rahalinarivo, Vololonirina Raharinoro, Njaratiana A. Rakotomalala, Zafimahery Ramos-Fernández, Gabriel Rasamisoa, Delaïd C. Ratsimbazafy, Jonah Ravaloharimanitra, Maholy Razafindramanana, Josia Razanaparany, Tojotanjona P. Righini, Nicoletta Robson, Nicola M. Gonçalves, Jonas da Rosa Sanamo, Justin Santacruz, Nicole Sato, Hiroki Sauther, Michelle L. Scarry, Clara J. Serio-Silva, Juan Carlos Shanee, Sam Lins, Poliana G. A. de Souza Smith, Andrew C. Smith Aguilar, Sandra E. Souza-Alves, João Pedro Stavis, Vanessa Katherinne Steffens, Kim J. E. Stone, Anita I. Strier, Karen B. Suarez, Scott A. Talebi, Maurício Tecot, Stacey R. Tujague, M. Paula Valenta, Kim Van Belle, Sarie Vasey, Natalie Wallace, Robert B. Welch, Gilroy Wright, Patricia C. Donati, Giuseppe Santini, Luca
Published
2022
Publisher
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Published Version DOI
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121105119
Abstract
Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (body mass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use.
Keywords
primate communities; primate evolution; evolutionary transitions; niche shift; climate change
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PUB35897